The Death of Marcus Aurelius

The Death of Marcus Aurelius

Friday, September 18, 2026

Stockdale on Stoicism 59


Internals are man’s only true ticket to freedom, but confronting them can be agonizing. 

In prison, there is one internal decision that is difficult beyond all others: when to first say "no" and knowingly force the commissar’s hand to carry out his threats and impose physical torture. 

This turning point almost always takes place in a frenzied moment when the new prisoner is awash in a sea of guilt and fear. 

The guilt arises from his having "gone along" with the commissar’s demand for a little of this and a little of that, while in the fashion of most of us well-brought-up American boys he had chosen "the middle way," to his now devastating regret, as he took preliminary measure of his predicament. 

And the fear! Arthur Koestler, while in a Fascist prison in Spain, described his initial fear of torture as "not a healthy fear, but the obsessional and morbid variety . . . the neurotic type of anxiety . . . the irrational anticipation of an unknown punishment." 

—from James B. Stockdale, Epictetus' Enchiridion: Conflict and Character 

IMAGE: Francisco Goya, Confessions in Prison (c. 1812) 



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