Vivekachudamani 35-40

THE APPEAL TO THE HIGHER SELF

"I submit myself to you, Master, friend of the bowed-down world and river of selfless kindness. 

"Raise me by your guiding light that pours forth the nectar of truth and mercy, for I am sunk in the ocean of the world. 

"I am burned by the hot flame of relentless life and torn by the winds of misery: save me from death, for I take refuge in you, finding no other rest."  

The great good ones dwell in peace, bringing joy to the world like the return of spring. Having crossed the ocean of the world, they ever help others to cross over. For this is the very nature of the great-souled ones, the Mahâtmas—their swiftness to take away the weariness of others. So the soft-rayed moon of itself soothes the earth, burned by the fierce sun's heat. 

"Sprinkle me with your nectar voice that brings the joy of eternal bliss, pure and cooling, falling on me as from a cup, like the joy of inspiration; for I am burnt by the hot, scorching flames of the world's fire. 

"Happy are they on whom your light rests, even for a moment, and who reach harmony with you. 

"How shall I cross the ocean of the world? Where is the path? What way must I follow? I know not, Master. Save me from the wound of the world's pain." 

Seneca, Moral Letters 81.12

But just as we take on faith such estimates of values, so let us take on the faith of the people this truth, that nothing is more honorable than a grateful heart. 
 
This phrase will be echoed by all cities, and by all races, even those from savage countries. Upon this point good and bad will agree. Some praise pleasure, some prefer toil; some say that pain is the greatest of evils, some say it is no evil at all; some will include riches in the Supreme Good, others will say that their discovery meant harm to the human race, and that none is richer than he to whom Fortune has found nothing to give. 
 
Amid all this diversity of opinion all men will yet with one voice, as the saying is, vote “aye” to the proposition that thanks should be returned to those who have deserved well of us. 
 
On this question the common herd, rebellious as they are, will all agree, but at present we keep paying back injuries instead of benefits, and the primary reason why a man is ungrateful is that he has found it impossible to be grateful enough.
 
Our madness has gone to such lengths that it is a very dangerous thing to confer great benefits upon a person; for just because he thinks it shameful not to repay, so he would have none left alive whom he should repay. 
 
“Keep for yourself what you have received; I do not ask it back; I do not demand it. Let it be safe to have conferred a favor.” There is no worse hatred than that which springs from shame at the desecration of a benefit. Farewell. 

—from Seneca, Moral Letters 81 
 
I was a bit confused upon first reading the conclusion to this letter, since I couldn’t make sense of the claim that everyone in the whole wide world reveres gratitude. If I begin to list all the completely self-absorbed people I have known over the years, I run the grave risk of triggering my cynicism, which in turn feeds my melancholy, so I will only say that I am deeply suspicious. 
 
Looking more carefully, however, I consider the vast disconnect between our theory and our practice, and the clever way we try to twist the rules into something more advantageous. The ideal of being thankful does indeed sound noble, especially when it’s the other guy who is indebted to us. But once the roles are reversed, as soon as we sense an obligation to that other guy, we feel extremely uncomfortable, squirming to find a way out. 
 
Even the most selfish folks will concede that it is right to be grateful for a benefit; at some level, we all know to return a favor, however far our habits have led us astray. We are in awe when we see such a purity of purpose, much as the biggest scoundrel gets teary-eyed when they play the national anthem. On the inside, there is often shame for not living up to the proper standards. 
 
Yet we run into a problem when the rubber meets the road, for the giving of benefits provides us with the illusion of importance, while the receiving of benefits leaves us with an appearance of weakness. You should not be surprised when the bigwig likes to lord it over you, and he will also do his best to erase any evidence that he is dependent on you. 
 
Would he even kill you to cover the tracks? If it doesn’t tarnish his image or land him behind bars, I wouldn’t put it past him. I’m afraid I know all too well how vicious people can be, but I also know how virtuous people can be, so I turn to the inspiration of the latter when I am faced with any evidence of the former. I choose to find comfort in the man who isn’t afraid to reach out his hand, to bow down, to feel small, because he understands why his humility and charity are what actually make him big. 
 
I think of a wonderful painting by Norman Rockwell, Saying Grace, where the customers at a diner are taken aback by the mealtime prayers of a woman and a boy. They all recognize how fitting it is to give thanks to God, though they struggle to do the same themselves. Like most any work by Rockwell, it offers a fine lesson for every setting. 

—Reflection written in 12/2013 

IMAGE: Norman Rockwell, Saying Grace (1951) 

Wisdom from the Early Cynics, Diogenes 38

On coming to Myndus and finding the gates large, though the city itself was very small, Diogenes cried, "Men of Myndus, bar your gates, lest the city should run away!" 

Seeing a man who had been caught stealing purple, he said:

Fast gripped by purple death and forceful fate. 

When Craterus wanted him to come and visit him, "No," he replied, "I would rather live on a few grains of salt at Athens than enjoy sumptuous fare at Craterus's table." 

He went up to Anaximenes the rhetorician, who was fat, and said, "Let us beggars have something of your paunch; it will be a relief to you, and we shall get advantage." 

And when the same man was discoursing, Diogenes distracted his audience by producing some salt fish. This annoyed the lecturer, and Diogenes said, "An obol's worth of salt fish has broken up Anaximenes' lecture-class." 

—Diogenes Laërtius, 6.57 

Wisdom from the Early Stoics, Zeno of Citium 78

The Stoics hold that the virtues involve one another, and that the possessor of one is the possessor of all, inasmuch as they have common principles, as Chrysippus says in the first book of his work On Virtues, Apollodorus in his Physics according to the Early School, and Hecato in the third book of his treatise On Virtues. 

For if a man be possessed of virtue, he is at once able to discover and to put into practice what he ought to do. 

Now such rules of conduct comprise rules for choosing, enduring, staying, and distributing; so that if a man does some things by intelligent choice, some things with fortitude, some things by way of just distribution, and some steadily, he is at once wise, courageous, just, and temperate. 

And each of the virtues has a particular subject with which it deals, as, for instance, courage is concerned with things that must be endured, practical wisdom with acts to be done, acts from which one must abstain, and those which fall under neither head. 

Similarly each of the other virtues is concerned with its own proper sphere. To wisdom are subordinate good counsel and understanding; to temperance, good discipline and orderliness; to justice, equality and fair-mindedness; to courage, constancy and vigor. 

—Diogenes Laërtius, 7.125-126 

Delphic Maxims 87

Αἰτιῶ παρόντα 

Accuse one who is present 

IMAGE: Peter Philippi, Neighborhood Gossip (1899) 

Seneca, Moral Letters 81.11

But no man can be grateful unless he has learned to scorn the things which drive the common herd to distraction; if you wish to make return for a favor, you must be willing to go into exile, or to pour forth your blood, or to undergo poverty, or—and this will frequently happen—even to let your very innocence be stained and exposed to shameful slanders. 
 
It is no slight price that a man must pay for being grateful. We hold nothing dearer than a benefit, so long as we are seeking one; we hold nothing cheaper after we have received it. 
 
Do you ask what it is that makes us forget benefits received? It is our extreme greed for receiving others. We consider not what we have obtained, but what we are to seek. We are deflected from the right course by riches, titles, power, and everything which is valuable in our opinion but worthless when rated at its real value.
 
We do not know how to weigh matters; we should take counsel regarding them, not with their reputation but with their nature; those things possess no grandeur wherewith to enthrall our minds, except the fact that we have become accustomed to marvel at them. 
 
For they are not praised because they ought to be desired, but they are desired because they have been praised; and when the error of individuals has once created error on the part of the public, then the public error goes on creating error on the part of individuals. 

—from Seneca, Moral Letters 81 
 
Gratitude, like any form of love, demands an unqualified commitment, one that is about honoring the person, not merely about appreciating a convenience. 
 
The mercenary, who seeks profit before principle, does not understand such an attitude, because he does not choose to reflect upon his nature, only to be led by his impulses. This can sadly become the default position, the lowest common denominator, because it is easier to follow the crowd than to stand alone. 
 
If a man has actually suffered on account of showing his thanks, you have a clue that he might truly be worth something on the inside. 
 
Consider how many people will be quite generous with their fine words of recognition, sometimes embarrassingly so, and how few people will lift a finger for you when the going gets tough. By misplacing the source of the benefit, we are often grateful for the satisfaction, but we are rarely satisfied to be grateful. 
 
I was once called into a dean’s office, and I had already resigned myself to one of the usual scoldings. This time, however, I was praised to the high heavens for having openly said something that no one else was willing to say, and which had saved the administration from an awkward situation. It all sounded too good to be true, and indeed it was. 
 
“You’ll have to forgive us, of course, for not expressing our indebtedness in public, because . . . well, it just wouldn’t be good optics.” 
 
Yes, I understood quite well. I also knew how quickly they would forget the score, as soon as my doggedness was no longer so useful to them. I was also happy to forgive them, but not for the reasons they held so dear. 
 
Though I like to complain when the paycheck disappears and my reputation is shot, I now usually catch myself before I have done too much damage. I need to remember why bearing a hardship can be a proof of character, not a penalty for refusing to play the game. I am free to find meaning in the giving over the receiving, and I can be at peace with following my conscience when no one pats me on the back. 
 
As much as our crooked institutions discourage us from acting with integrity, do not forget how the power of the whole is nothing without the cooperation of the parts. Getting tossed about is a worthwhile price to pay for going against the current. 

—Reflection written in 12/2013 

The Philosopher

Owls 9

Concentration

The Loved Ones

"The Loved Ones"  

Wendell Berry 

The loved ones we call the dead 

depart from us and for a while 

are absent. And then as if 

called back by our love, they come 

near us again. They enter our dreams. 

We feel they have been near us 

when we have not thought of them. 

They are simply here, simply waiting 

while we are distracted among 

our obligations. At last 

it comes to us: They live now 

in the permanent world. 

We are the absent ones. 

Choose Wisely . . .

Hans Burgkmair, The Career Choice (c. 1510) 

Sayings of Ramakrishna 275

Is it good to create sects? 

The sect cannot grow in a current of water: it grows only in the stagnant waters of petty pools. 

He whose heart earnestly longs after the Deity has no time for anything else. He who looks for fame and honor, forms sects. 

Seneca, Moral Letters 81.10

Evil men have but one pleasure in benefits, and a very short-lived pleasure at that; it lasts only while they are receiving them. 
 
But the wise man derives therefrom an abiding and eternal joy. For he takes delight not so much in receiving the gift as in having received it; and this joy never perishes; it abides with him always. 
 
He despises the wrongs done him; he forgets them, not accidentally, but voluntarily. He does not put a wrong construction upon everything, or seek for someone whom he may hold responsible for each happening; he rather ascribes even the sins of men to chance. 
 
He will not misinterpret a word or a look; he makes light of all mishaps by interpreting them in a generous way. He does not remember an injury rather than a service. 
 
As far as possible, he lets his memory rest upon the earlier and the better deed, never changing his attitude towards those who havedeserved well of him, except in cases where the bad deeds far outdistance the good, and the space between them is obvious even to one who closes his eyes to it; even then only to this extent, that he strives, after receiving the preponderant injury, to resume the attitude which he held before he received the benefit. 
 
For when the injury merely equals the benefit, a certain amount of kindly feeling is left over. Just as a defendant is acquitted when the votes are equal, and just as the spirit of kindliness always tries to bend every doubtful case toward the better interpretation, so the mind of the wise man, when another’s merits merely equal his bad deeds, will, to be sure, cease to feel an obligation, but does not cease to desire to feel it, and acts precisely like the man who pays his debts even after they have been legally cancelled. 

—from Seneca, Moral Letters 81 
 
As I read Seneca’s description of how the wise man receives a gift, and then also how he is willing to forgive most any offense, I think of the word “gracious”, though I fear this may be more often associated with mere formalities than with a profound depth of character.
 
It also brings to mind the ideal of a “gentleman” or a “lady”, and even if this is currently considered to be an obsolete standard, you can always find such fine people, however rare, in any time or place. 
 
Simply put, the grasping folks are only interested in the things you can provide for them, after which you are unlikely to hear from them again, unless, of course, they perceive some way they might take advantage of you in the future. 
 
In contrast, the decent folks look beyond the utility of the gift to a respect for the giver, finding a pure satisfaction in seeing their fellows live according to Nature. The greed is conditional, while the love is unconditional. 
 
Long ago, when I was six or seven, I noticed how one of the girls in my class appeared sad, playing alone because the harpies at the top of the social food chain had excluded her. On an impulse, I picked some buttercups, and I gave them to her. The other boys mocked me for being in love with her, and the teacher scolded me for handling a poisonous plant. What I remember most, however, was her genuine and simple “thank you”. 
 
From that day forward, for the next four years, she always showed me an incredible kindness, even when, and perhaps especially when, I was behaving like a horrible beast. Absolutely nothing could stop her from offering a gentle word or an encouraging smile. She clearly left a mark on me, because this passage instantly brought back those pleasant memories. 
 
Almost forty years later, I feel the urge to thank her for overlooking my many sins, but I have somehow forgotten her last name. 
 
While the bitter and cynical will insist that it is impossible to forgive, it is only our own stubbornness that presents an obstacle. For all the times I have been vindictive, it always remains within my power to choose charity, right here and now, since my actions proceed from the freedom of my judgments. I can focus on the good within others, instead of brooding over the flaws. 
 
All of us are branded by our mistakes, so without a pardon none of us can ever be redeemed. 

—Reflection written in 12/2013 

Stoic Snippets 274

Does the light of the lamp shine without losing its splendor until it is extinguished? 

And shall the truth which is in you and justice and temperance be extinguished before your death? 

—Marcus Aurelius, Meditations 12.15 

IMAGE: Gerrit Dou, A Hermit (c. 1661) 

Songs of Innocence 8

The Little Boy Lost (1789) 

William Blake (1757-1827) 

Father, father, where are you going
O do not walk so fast.
Speak father, speak to your little boy
Or else I shall be lost. 

The night was dark no father was there
The child was wet with dew.
The mire was deep & the child did weep
And away the vapour flew. 

Cosmos 21

Seneca, Moral Letters 81.9

Let us therefore avoid being ungrateful, not for the sake of others but for our own sakes. When we do wrong, only the least and lightest portion of it flows back upon our neighbor; the worst and, if I may use the term, the densest portion of it stays at home and troubles the owner. 
 
My master Attalus used to say: “Evil herself drinks the largest portion of her own poison.” 
 
The poison which serpents carry for the destruction of others, and secrete without harm to themselves, is not like this poison; for this sort is ruinous to the possessor.
 
The ungrateful man tortures and torments himself; he hates the gifts which he has accepted, because he must make a return for them, and he tries to belittle their value, but he really enlarges and exaggerates the injuries which he has received. And what is more wretched than a man who forgets his benefits and clings to his injuries? 
 
Wisdom, on the other hand, lends grace to every benefit, and of her own free will commends it to her own favor, and delights her soul by continued recollection thereof. 

—from Seneca, Moral Letters 81 
 
If people are only familiar with my public persona, for whatever it’s worth, they might take me to be a sectarian Stoic, always ready to toe the party line. Besides the fact that I don’t believe there can really be such a thing, since no healthy philosophy has any place for dogmatism, my private thoughts are filled with a frightening amount of skepticism. If I can find my way to recommend it, rest assured that I have first rejected it at least a hundred times. 
 
I remain totally committed to unraveling the theory, but for me the final test has always been whether it works in practice; I came to philosophy so I could fix the crippling defects in my daily living, not so I could pontificate from my ivory tower. And while I have now read through this letter a dozen times, A little warning bell goes off in my head at this point: 
 
Do I run the danger of treating virtue as a selfish enterprise, when I say that I am doing it for my own sake? 
 
Am I kidding myself in the belief that the suffering within the soul is far greater than the suffering from the circumstances? Doesn’t this diminish the pain I have inflicted upon others? 
 
As is so often the case, my worry is based on false dichotomies, from my passions rushing ahead of my judgments. I create the problem for myself by being too hasty in my assumptions. 
 
In the true order of Nature, there is no “us” versus “them”. What is good for the whole is good for the part, and what is good for the part is good for the whole. When I have served my neighbor, I cannot help but serve myself, and when I have served myself, I cannot help but serve my neighbor. It only becomes selfish when the one is divorced from the other. 
 
To affirm the primacy of our inner merits is not to deny the significance of our outer conditions, as long as the latter are measured by the former. My mission is to increase in the virtues, and I should seek out the circumstances most conducive to my end. My neighbor’s calling is essentially the same, and I should assist him in seeking out the circumstances most conducive to his end. Even as there is no doubt that the flesh will suffer, sometimes with alarming intensity, its role always hinges upon the dignity of the spirit. 
 
I am fatally poisoning myself whenever I deny someone charity or I refuse to express my gratitude. To face a misfortune could well be a hindrance, yet it could just as easily be turned into an opportunity, because the good or evil of any situation is ultimately in what we choose to make of it. The one toxin might bring us grief, though the other will surely kill us. 
 
If a fellow refuses to be grateful, my feelings have been hurt; I can find a way to cope. Now imagine what is going on in his own head, a noxious stew of vanity, resentment, delusion, and self-pity, all of which he has inflicted upon himself; he will have to rebuild himself completely before he destroys himself. It is far easier to bear the insult than to escape from the cycle of self-ruin. 
 
Wisdom allows us to find the good in everything, both in what is given and in what is received. That turns out to be a remarkably practical lesson. 

—Reflection written in 12/2013 

IMAGE: William Blake, Eve Tempted by the Serpent (1800) 

Branches

Michael Leunig 80

Dhammapada 409

Him I call indeed a Brahmana who takes nothing in the world that is not given him, be it long or short, small or large, good or bad. 

Seneca, Moral Letters 81.8

And, to prove the truth of this to you, I declare that even if I may not be grateful without seeming ungrateful, even if I am able to return a benefit only by an act which resembles an injury; even so, I shall strive in the utmost calmness of spirit toward the purpose which honor demands, in the very midst of disgrace. 
 
No one, I think, rates virtue higher or is more consecrated to virtue than he who has lost his reputation for being a good man in order to keep from losing the approval of his conscience.
 
Thus, as I have said, your being grateful is more conducive to your own good than to your neighbor’s good. For while your neighbor has had a common, everyday experience—namely, receiving back the gift which he had bestowed—you have had a great experience which is the outcome of an utterly happy condition of soul—to have felt gratitude. 
 
For if wickedness makes men unhappy and virtue makes men blessed, and if it is a virtue to be grateful, then the return which you have made is only the customary thing, but the thing to which you have attained is priceless—the consciousness of gratitude, which comes only to the soul that is divine and blessed. 
 
The opposite feeling to this, however, is immediately attended by the greatest unhappiness; no man, if he be ungrateful, will be unhappy in the future. I allow him no day of grace; he is unhappy forthwith. 

—from Seneca, Moral Letters 81 
 
Offer a benefit, however you are able, simply because it is an act of charity. Offer thanks, in whatever way you can, simply because it is an act of gratitude. If you wish to be a successful person, you will need to make many elaborate plans, but if you merely wish to be a good person, the rules are incredibly simple. 
 
Some folks will provide all sorts of elaborate excuses for why they can’t manage to do the right thing, when what they really mean is that they can’t be bothered; a commitment to virtue would be too inconvenient, since their comfort comes before their character. 
 
It is far better to follow those who aren’t so easily tripped up by obstacles, who cling to a conscience despite the misfortunes that can so quickly come with it. Indeed, for the very best, the adversity even becomes like a badge of honor. 
 
I remember a dean who stood idly by while a student was being framed, all for the sake of his career. I remember a priest who suddenly lost the crucial files, all out of a concern for his standing. I suppose I have made some progress when I would rather be struck dead than to be anything like these men. 
 
While a neighbor can certainly make good use of a favor, my own reward is far more than just a warm and fuzzy feeling. I am still accustomed to putting more weight on the receiving than on the giving, so I am inclined to forget how we are so radically transformed by our own deeds. If I have, for example, paid off a man’s debts, I have improved the accidents of his circumstances, yet I have simultaneously enriched the essence of my very soul. 
 
It was my first reading of Boethius that exposed me to a lesson both radically subversive and glaringly simple: virtue and vice have their most powerful effects on the inside, not on the outside. Whatever the consequences to our fortune, the righteous man finds happiness, and the wicked man finds misery, because their choices determine whether they will fulfill or destroy their nature. How could it be otherwise, when our purpose as creatures of intellect and of will is to know and to love, upon which the value of everything else is dependent? 
 
It doesn’t matter who else knows of your good efforts, because you will know it, and through that awareness you will be at peace with yourself, the most precious honor there can ever be. And you will be glad to offer a helping hand to the wrongdoer, even if he never thanks you, because he is tortured by his restlessness. 

—Reflection written in 12/2013 

Xenophon, Memorabilia of Socrates 41

Now Charmides, the son of Glaucon, was, as Socrates observed, a man of mark and influence: a much more powerful person in fact than the mass of those devoted to politics at that date, but at the same time he was a man who shrank from approaching the people or busying himself with the concerns of the state. Accordingly Socrates addressed him thus: 

"Tell me, Charmides, supposing some one competent to win a victory in the arena and to receive a crown, whereby he will gain honor himself and make the land of his fathers more glorious in Hellas, were to refuse to enter the lists—what kind of person should you set him down to be?" 

"Clearly an effeminate and cowardly fellow," he answered.

Socrates: "And what if another man, who had it in him, by devotion to affairs of state, to exalt his city and win honor himself thereby, were to shrink and hesitate and hang back—would he too not reasonably be regarded as a coward?"

"Possibly," he answered, "but why do you address these questions to me?" 

"Because," replied Socrates, "I think that you, who have this power, do hesitate to devote yourself to matters which, as being a citizen, if for no other reason, you are bound to take part in." 

Charmides: "And wherein have you detected in me this power, that you pass so severe a sentence upon me?" 

Socrates: "I have detected it plainly enough in those gatherings in which you meet the politicians of the day, when, as I observe, each time they consult you on any point you have always good advice to offer, and when they make a blunder you lay your finger on the weak point immediately." 

Charmides: "To discuss and reason in private is one thing, Socrates, to battle in the throng of the assembly is another." 

Socrates: "And yet a man who can count, counts every bit as well in a crowd as when seated alone by himself; and it is the best performer on the harp in private who carries off the palm of victory in public." 

Charmides: "But do you not see that modesty and timidity are feelings implanted in man's nature? And these are much more powerfully present to us in a crowd than within the circle of our intimates." 

Socrates: "Yes, but what I am bent on teaching you is that while you feel no such bashfulness and timidity before the wisest and strongest of men, you are ashamed of opening your lips in the midst of weaklings and dullards. Is it the fullers among them of whom you stand in awe, or the cobblers, or the carpenters, or the coppersmiths, or the merchants, or the farmers, or the hucksters of the marketplace exchanging their wares, and bethinking them how they are to buy this thing cheap, and to sell the other dear—is it before these you are ashamed, for these are the individual atoms out of which the Public Assembly is composed? 

"And what is the difference, pray, between your behavior and that of a man who, being the superior of trained athletes, quails before a set of amateurs? Is it not the case that you who can argue so readily with the foremost statesmen in the city, some of whom affect to look down upon you—you, with your vast superiority over practiced popular debaters—are no sooner confronted with a set of folk who never in their lives gave politics a thought, and into whose heads certainly it never entered to look down upon you—than you are afraid to open your lips in mortal terror of being laughed at?" 

"Well, but you would admit," he answered, "that sound argument does frequently bring down the ridicule of the Popular Assembly." 

Socrates: "Which is equally true of the others. And that is just what rouses my astonishment, that you who can cope so easily with these lordly people, when guilty of ridicule, should persuade yourself that you cannot stand up against a set of commoners. 

"My good fellow, do not be ignorant of yourself! Do not fall into that commonest of errors—theirs who rush off to investigate the concerns of the rest of the world, and have no time to turn and examine themselves. Yet that is a duty which you must not in cowardly sort draw back from: rather must you brace ourself to give good heed to your own self; and as to public affairs, if by any manner of means they may be improved through you, do not neglect them. Success in the sphere of politics means that not only the mass of your fellow citizens, but your personal friends and you yourself, last but not least, will profit by your action." 

—from Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.7 

Sayings of Publilius Syrus 185

Fortune often spares men a present affliction, that they may suffer a greater. 

IMAGE: Antoni Brodowski, Oedipus and Antigone (1828) 

The Continence of Scipio 10

Nicolas Poussin, The Continence of Scipio (1640) 

Testify!

Man's Search for Meaning 17

In general there was also a "cultural hibernation" in the camp. There were two exceptions to this: politics and religion. 

Politics were talked about everywhere in camp, almost continuously; the discussions were based chiefly on rumors, which were snapped up and passed around avidly. The rumors about the military situation were usually contradictory. They followed one another rapidly and succeeded only in making a contribution to the war of nerves that was waged in the minds of all the prisoners. 

Many times, hopes for a speedy end to the war, which had been fanned by optimistic rumors, were disappointed. Some men lost all hope, but it was the incorrigible optimists who were the most irritating companions. 

The religious interest of the prisoners, as far and as soon as it developed, was the most sincere imaginable. The depth and vigor of religious belief often surprised and moved a new arrival. 

Most impressive in this connection were improvised prayers or services in the corner of a hut, or in the darkness of the locked cattle truck in which we were brought back from a distant work site, tired, hungry and frozen in our ragged clothing. 

—from Viktor Frankl, Man's Search for Meaning 

Seneca, Moral Letters 81.7

For gratitude is a good thing for ourselves, in a sense in which justice, that is commonly supposed to concern other persons, is not; gratitude returns in large measure unto itself. 
 
There is not a man who, when he has benefited his neighbor, has not benefited himself—I do not mean for the reason that he whom you have aided will desire to aid you, or that he whom you have defended will desire to protect you, or that an example of good conduct returns in a circle to benefit the doer, just as examples of bad conduct recoil upon their authors, and as men find no pity if they suffer wrongs which they themselves have demonstrated the possibility of committing; but that the reward for all the virtues lies in the virtues themselves. 
 
For they are not practiced with a view to recompense; the wages of a good deed is to have done it. I am grateful, not in order that my neighbor, provoked by the earlier act of kindness, may be more ready to benefit me, but simply in order that I may perform a most pleasant and beautiful act; I feel grateful, not because it profits me, but because it pleases me. 

—from Seneca, Moral Letters 81 
 
The danger still remains of being a “nice guy” in order to win some extra perks, driven by the false judgment, however implicit, that life is improved by acquisition. A favor ceases to be a favor when it expects compensation, and gratitude ceases to be gratitude when it wishes to win approval. While a basic justice works through reciprocity, a noble benefit rises above the bare minimum to become so much more, by treating the thoughts, words, and deeds as valuable in themselves. 
 
The clever man seeks an advantage in making terms and setting conditions, and the wise man seeks to simply do what is right for the sake of what is right. Our estimations of gain and loss are bound to our understanding of our very nature, for better or for worse. 
 
Take note those who define themselves by gratifying their appetites, and do not be surprised when they remind you of your debts. Take note of those who define themselves by their capacity to love, and prepare to be amazed at how they vanish into the background when their work has been done. 
 
If I accept virtue as my highest good, and if I believe this humbly and sincerely, I will also recognize the ultimate reward of any action to be in the improvement of my own soul—no number of conveniences can possibly compare. I do sometimes find myself confused by those who are putting on an elaborate show, but their true colors are revealed soon enough. Fool me once, shame on you, fool me twice, shame on me. 
 
I received an e-mail from a former student the other day, and it took me a while to realize how much the message had troubled me. He now works in the highly profitable world of selling insurance, and he offered a gripping account of getting a promotion by impressing all the right people. 
 
I wondered why he was sharing this story, until he ended by assuring me that even though he was playing a game of manipulation, it was all for the best, because it would provide security for his family. “See, it’s being done for the greater good!”
 
Did he somehow want approval from his old philosophy professor? I could not bring myself to offer a stern Epictetan reprimand, or even a gentle Socratic quip, because his entire house was built on an unsteady foundation, and only tearing it down completely could restore his sanity and sanctity. I hope he will learn, sooner rather than later, how absolutely nothing of worth can ever be achieved without integrity, and why the genuine victories in this life are won by character as an end in itself. No conniving, no jockeying, no shortcuts. 
 
Dignity can’t be bought and sold. The greatest security I can offer to my children is the simple example of a good conscience. Philosopher, heal yourself! 

—Reflection written in 12/2013 

IMAGE: Gratitude, Palace of Ajuda 

Stobaeus on Stoic Ethics 17

Of good things, some are in the soul, some external, and some neither in the soul nor external. 

In the soul are the virtues and virtuous conditions and in general praiseworthy activities. 

External are friends and acquaintances and things like that. 

Neither in the soul nor external are virtuous men and in general those who have the virtues. 

Similarly, of bad things, some are in the soul, some external, and some neither in the soul nor external. 

In the soul are the vices together with wicked conditions and in general blameworthy activities. 

External are enemies together with their various forms. 

Neither in the soul nor external are base men and all those who have the vices. 

IMAGE: Frederic Remington, The Scout: Friends or Foes? (c. 1905) 

Bach 3, Gloria in excelsis Deo

Johann Sebastian Bach, Gloria in excelsis Deo, BWV 191, Netherlands Bach Society 

Proverbs 3:13-20

[13] Happy is the man who finds wisdom,
and the man who gets understanding,
[14] for the gain from it is better than gain from silver
and its profit better than gold.
[15] She is more precious than jewels,
and nothing you desire can compare with her.
[16] Long life is in her right hand;
in her left hand are riches and honor.
[17] Her ways are ways of pleasantness,
and all her paths are peace.
[18] She is a tree of life to those who lay hold of her;
those who hold her fast are called happy.
[19] The Lord by wisdom founded the earth;
by understanding he established the heavens;
[20] by his knowledge the deeps broke forth,

and the clouds drop down the dew. 

IMAGE: Icon of Holy Wisdom, Moscow (15th century)